Steel is a generic term for iron-carbon alloys containing between 0.02% and 2.11% carbon by mass. The chemical composition of steel can vary greatly, which contains a small amount of manganese, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur and other elements, the carbon content of less than 1.7% of the steel is called carbonaceous steel [5]; in practice, the steel is often used according to the different uses of the different alloying elements, such as: manganese, nickel, vanadium and so on. The use and study of steel has a long history, but until the invention of the Bechdel method in the 19th century, steel production was a costly and inefficient endeavor. Today, steel is one of the most used materials in the world for its low price and reliable performance, and is an indispensable ingredient in construction, manufacturing and people's daily lives. It can be said that steel is the material foundation of modern society.

Carbon

is present in all steels and is the most important hardening element. It helps to increase the strength of steel, and we usually expect tool grade steel to have more than 0.6% carbon, also known as high carbon steel.

Chromium (Chromium)

Increases wear resistance, hardness and most importantly corrosion resistance, and is considered stainless steel if it has 13% or more. Despite this name, all steels will rust if not properly maintained.

Manganese

Important austenite stabilizing element that helps to create a textured structure, increasing robustness and strength and wear resistance. Deoxidizes the steel internally during heat treatment and roll pressing and occurs in most steels used for knives and scissors, with the exception of A-2,L-6, and CPM 420V.

Classification:

Low-carbon steels: Carbon content is generally less than 0.25% by mass;

Medium-carbon steels: Carbon content is generally 0.25% to 0.60% by mass;

High-carbon steels: Carbon content is generally greater than 0.60% by mass.

How to choose tools for processing steel:

Preferred carbide: abandon high-speed steel, full use of carbide cutting tools.

Coatings are key: prefer TiAlN/AlTiN coatings, which can cope with the high temperatures generated by steel machining.

Make the most of coolant: the internal cooling function, in particular, is essential for drilling and deep-cavity milling. It extends tool life and ensures dimensional stability.

Maximize rigidity: Select the shortest, thickest tool that meets the machining requirements and ensure the clamping rigidity of the toolholder (e.g., hydraulic, heat-shrinkable toolholder).